Blood pressure Essay

Question One: Hypertension (in addition to a number of medical conditions) may be considered as primary or secondary. Explain these concepts giving three examples of secondary hypertension and their pathophysiology. Most of the conditions that cause secondary hypertension involve the overproduction of one of the body’s hormones. Some of the medical problems that can cause secondary hypertension include: Kidney disease. Secondary hypertension is related to damaged kidneys or to an abnormal narrowing of one or both renal arteries. The renal arteries are the major blood vessels that bring blood to each kidney. When the kidney’s blood supply is reduced by a narrowing (called renal artery stenosis), the kidney produces high levels of a hormone called renin. High levels of renin trigger the production of other substances in the body that raise blood pressure, particularly a molecule called angiotensin II. Adrenal disease. The adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys and produce several hormones that help regulate blood pressure. Sometimes, one or both adrenal glands make and secrete an excess of one of these hormones. Three different types of adrenal gland conditions cause high blood pressure: Pheochromocytoma. A tumour of the adrenal gland that overproduces the hormones epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin). Hyperaldosteronism (also called Conn’s syndrome). Both adrenal glands can overproduce the salt-retaining hormone aldosterone or it can arise in a benign adrenal tumour. Hypercortisolism (also called Cushing’s syndrome). Both adrenal glands can overproduce the hormone cortisol or it can arise in a benign or malignant tumour. Hyperparathyroidism. A hormone called parathormone is made by four tiny glands in the neck called parathyroid glands. If the glands produce too much hormone, calcium levels in the blood increase. People with hyperparathyroidism are more likely to have high blood pressure. The exact reason for this association is not known. Question Two: Roger was a symptomatic and only came in for a check up. Why is it important for this ‘silent disease’ to be detected and appropriately treated? As blood flows through arteries it pushes against the inside of the artery walls. The more pressure the blood exerts on the artery walls, the higher the blood pressure will be. The size of small arteries also affects the blood pressure. When the muscular walls of arteries are relaxed, or dilated, the pressure of the blood flowing through them is lower than when the artery walls narrow, or constrict. Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats to push blood out into the arteries. When the heart relaxes to fill with blood again, the pressure is at its lowest point. Blood pressure when the heart beats is called systolic pressure. Blood pressure when the heart is at rest is called diastolic pressure. When blood pressure is measured, the systolic pressure is stated first and the diastolic pressure second. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, if a person’s systolic pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80, it is written as 120/80 mm Hg. T he American Heart Association has long considred blood pressure less than 140 over 90 normal for adults. However, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Maryland released new clinical guidelines for blood pressure in 2003, lowering the standard normal readings. A normal reading was lowered to less than 120 over less than 80. Hypertension is a major health problem, especially because it has no symptoms. Many people have hypertension without knowing it. In the United States, about 50 million people age six and older have high blood pressure. Hypertension is more common in men than women and in people over the age of 65 than in younger persons. More than half of all Americans over the age of 65 have hypertension. It also is more common in African-Americans than in white Americans. Hypertension is serious because people with the condition have a higher risk for heart disease and other medical problems than people with normal blood pressure. Serious complications can be avoided by getting regular blood pressure checks and treating hypertension as soon as it is diagnosed. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to the following medical conditions: arteriosclerosis, also called atherosclerosis heart attack stroke enlarged heart kidney damage. Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. The walls of arteries have a layer of muscle and elastic tissue that makes them flexible and able to dilate and constrict as blood flows through them. High blood pressure can make the artery walls thicken and harden. When artery walls thicken, the inside of the blood vessel narrows. Cholesterol and fats are more likely to build up on the walls of damaged arteries, making them even narrower. Blood clots also can get trapped in narrowed arteries, blocking the flow of blood. Arteries narrowed by arteriosclerosis may not deliver enough blood to organs and other tissues. Reduced or blocked blood flow to the heart can cause a heart attack. If an artery to the brain is blocked, a stroke can result. Hypertension makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body. The extra workload can make the heart muscle thicken and stretch. When the heart becomes too enlarged it cannot pump enough blood. If the hypertension is not treated, the heart may fail. The kidneys remove the body’s wastes from the blood. If hypertension thickens the arteries to the kidneys, less waste can be filtered from the blood. As the condition worsens, the kidneys fail and wastes build up in the blood. Dialysis or a kidney transplant are needed when the kidneys fail. About 25% of people who receive kidney dialysis have kidney failure caused by hypertension. Question Three: The renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in blood pressure regulation. Explain the renin-angiotensin system with reference to Conn’s syndrome. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System is a hormone system that regulates BP and fluid balance. When blood volume is low, the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete Renin directly into circulation. Plasma Renin converts a polypeptide called Angiotensinogen, which is secreted from Liver into Angiotensin I, which in turn is converted to Angiotensin II (or ATII) by the enzyme called ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) found in the lungs. It so happens that Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone Aldosterone from Adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure. If the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is too active, blood pressure will be too high. There are many drugs that interrupt different steps in this system to lower blood pressure. These drugs are one of the main ways to control HBP, heart failure, renal failure and the harmful effects of Diabetes. Angiotensin II is degraded to angiotensin III by angiotensinases located in red blood cells and the vascular beds of most tissues. Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor action of ATII, but 100% of the aldosterone-producing activity of ATII. Angiotensin II has autocrine, paracrine and endocrine actions on different systems: Cardiovascular effects: AT II is the most powerful vasopressor known, constricting both arteries and veins. Myocyte growth is stimulated through a local tissue RAAS. The same system can be activated in the smooth muscle cells in conditions of HTN or endothelial damage thus contributing to and accelerating the process of Atherosclerosis. Neurological effects: ATII increases the thirst sensation by directly stimulating the Subfornical organ of the brain (Dipsogenic action). AT II also decreases the response of Baroreceptor reflex. ATII increases secretions of both ADH and ACTH besides stimulating postganglionic sympathetic fibers to secrete Noradrenaline. Adrenal effects: Angiotensin II acts on the Adrenal cortex causing it to release Aldosterone, a hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium and lose potassium.

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice, Education and Leadership The Institute of Medicine of the National Academics in Conjunction with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched a campaign to provide solutions in response to the need for evaluating and alteration of the nursing profession. Future needs of our growing population from diverse cultures and demographics dictate the need for registered nurses to adapt and transform in response to advances in health care. This is done by promoting health with most favorable, efficient patient outcomes centered on patient care. The limitation of nursing practices today prevents nurses from effectively responding to the continuously evolving, rapidly changing, health care system which compromises patient safety and optimal outcomes. The IOM and RWJF determined four key messages in their discussions. Nurses should practice to their full potential regarding education and training. Higher levels of education and training should be attained through an improved and seamless academic program. Nurses should play an important role along with medical doctors and other health care professionals in reforming health care. Health care informatics and data collection need improvement to facilitate development of policy and efficient workforce planning. These suggested reforms will certainly impact nursing education, nursing practice, and the nurse’s role as a leader ( IOM, 2011). The foundation of the IOM’s report is to restructure nursing roles to become more efficient, cost effective, and adaptable in response to the growing population and technological advances seen in health care. Education is the key to preparing nurses for the new roles and responsibilities they will encounter. The expanded roles and expectations of the nurse call for educational reform as well. Incorporation of competencies at the educational level include leadership, basic health policy, evidence based care, quality improvement, and systems thinking ( IOM, 2011). The goal of the IOM is to increase the  number of nurses with Bachelors Degrees to eighty percent by the year 2020. Some bariers to this goal are as follows. There is a shortage of faculty, placement for students to perform clinical duties is limited, lack of competent programs to prepare nurses for higher degrees and technological advaces in patient care, and lack of workforce planning. Workforce planning is the competence of an organization to meet emerging needs. Educational institutions are not meeting these needs due to cost and qualified fculty (Wikipedia, 2014). As a result clinical experience is imperitive for fulfilling educational needs. The advent of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 endorses a shift from treatment of patients in an acute care setting to focusing on management and prevention of chronic illness. There is evidence based practice to suggest a more holistic approach which involving patient and family centerd care is more effective in treating patients rather than the hospital or healthcare model (Holmes, 2011). Due to this new model the IOM encourages nurses to advance education to the fullest extent, continue and maintain education to develop new competencies, and reform nursing school curriculum to meet these new patient care delivery models (Holmes, 2011). The IOM suggests that it is imperitive that nurses are able to practice to the full extent of their education and training ( IOM, 2011). As the population grows, physicians will not be able to perform at a competent level and provide complete patient care without a substantial number of nurses. Reliance on nurses is necessary to reform the health care system. Barriers such as regultatory restrictions regarding scope of practice, professional resistance by physicians, and insurance company reimbursment pactices hinder RNâ⠂¬â„¢s and Advanced Practice Nurse’s from practicing to the full extent of their education and compromise patient outcomes (Richard Ridge, 2011). Autonomy is an issue in some states regarding APN’s role. Some states require physician oversight to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make referrals. Compensation for services is also an concern. Independent insurance providers, Medicaid, and Medicare compensate APN’s at reduced rates or not at all and may not cover prescribed prescriptions unless a physician signs off. Professional resistance is also an problem. The Scope of Practice Partnership lobbies against state expansion of the APN’s role stating they lack medical education, clinical knowledge and cognitive and technical skills which are acquired only in medical school ( IOM, 2011). These restrictions make it difficult to meet the demands of patient care. Outdated insurance practices also pose an obstacle by restricting insurance reimbursement to APN’s. Some recommendations to remove these barriers include conforming scope of practice regulations from state to a national level. Enlighten medical doctors on the future of health care and the need for autonomous APN’s. Providing information about successful patient outcomes as well as the decrease in hospital readmissions may sway the opinion of doctors regarding APN practice. Include Medicare and private insurance coverage of APN’s. Refer to evidence based practices to justify coverage. In order to institute IOM’s reform it is imperative the role of the nurse also transition into that of a leader. The development of leadership skills should be instilled at every level of nursing education and clinical mileu. The educational curriculum needs to incorproate theory and business practices, exposure to political dynamics, and management of multifocal relationships to ensure competency in high level collaborative skills (O’Grady, 2011). We will be responsible for assessing and implementing change in patient centered care systems which requires full partnership with other disciplines to reform policy. It is time for nurses to shape policy rather than conforming to it. As the population grows, and demographics shift to include a vast number of geriatric patients, the need for health care reform is imperative to provide optimal patient care. The IOM’s report recognizes the integral role nurses play in our healthcare system. The IOM suggests changes in areas such as education, leadership, and scope of practice to safegaurd the future of healthcare. Implementing these suggestions will transform the role of the nurse into a competent leader who is responsible for health policy change, and an educator to patients, family, and community. It is time we take responsibility for change rather than accept it for what it is. References Holmes, A. M. (2011, April). Future of nursing special: Transforming education. Nursing Management, 42. 34-38. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1150962&an=00006247-201104000-00008&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID= IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011, October 05). The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health. Retrieved from http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx O’Grady T. P. (May, 2011). Future of nursing special: Leadership at all levels. Nursing Management,42. 32-37. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=1163290 Ridge, R. (2011, June). Future of nursing special: Practicing to potential. Nursing Management, 42.32-37. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing Center: http://www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal?AID=1176058&an=00006247-201106000-00008&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID= Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. (2014, September 27). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Workforce planning: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Workforce_planning&oldid=627275816

hould Kroger Pay Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? Essay

CASE 1. Should Kroger Pay Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? Question 1: Assuming that the store and district managers of Ralphs received complaints about Misiolek’s behavior starting in 1985, but that these complaints did not reach Ralph’s headquarters in Compton, do you believe that the judge is right in holding that the company as a whole should not be held responsible for his actions? Should the company be held responsible for policies that prevent complaints from reaching headquarters? Ralphs Grocery Co. should be held responsible because Ralphs’ management did not facilitate feedback, complaints from employee to headquarter. There was also no control mechanism on Ralphs Grocery Co. The most important thing that should be underlined is In April 1996 several women already complained to Ralph’s management but the company did not take any action to discipline Misiolek. Misiolek was not removed from his position as store manager, but instead moved the complaining women to other stores. Question 2: What kind of penalty do you believe would be appropriate for Ralphs? In your view, was the $33.3 million penalty excessive? Explain. The penalty should be compensatory and punitive damages. It would be such a good idea based on compensatory justice principal. The $33.3 million penalty is excessive depending on how much the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. I conclude that $33.3 million penalty was excessive because the psychological impact for some employees was not seriously same with. Except for those who was grabbed, touched, patted, hugged, touched their breasts which was way more offensive should be give much more than rehabilitation cost penalty. Question 3: Should Kroger have to pay for events that happened before it took over the chain of supermarkets? Ethically Kroger should not pay at all. But actually it depends on the acquisition contract between Kroger with Fred Meyer and Fred Meyer with  Ralphs. Question 4: Many states (but not California) adopt federal rules that place a cap of $300,000 on punitive damages in harassment cases. Is such a cap a good idea from an ethical point of view? Explain. In consideration same with question number two, so it is not good idea for flattening punishment. It should meet the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. Jail punishment should be considered. Question 5: What can a company do to make sure that a situation like Misiolek’s does not occur? Why do you think Ralph’s allowed Misiolek to continue managing stores? A policy that should be exist are written with zero-tolerance policy prohibiting sexual harassment, conduct some control mechanism by facilitating employee feedback, online complain media, supervisory for manager, All complaints must thoroughly investigated. Ralphs allowed Misiolek to continue managing store because of his capability to achieve profits at the stores that he manage and of achieving excellent bottom line figures at those stores. CASE 2. Wal-Mart’s Women Question 1: What financial impact do you think the lawsuit could potentially have on Wal-Mart? If the law suit was successful the company would have to pay all the compensation amount which was around 86 million dollars to its entire 1.6 million female employees .Which in short would be a big blow to the company’s financials, and also with the deteriorating image caused by the issue they might possibly lose out on an considerable amount of customers leading to further financial implications. It would also result in higher prices in the store because the company would try to make up for all the loss incurred cause of the particular suit. Question 2: What are the major moral complaints of the females suing Wal-Mart? Do you believe these moral complaints are justified? Why? The major complaints launched by the women were that the company (wal-mart)  discriminated against female employees in promotions pay, management training and job assignments. The women stated that promotions in wal-mart were biased towards men, where men were promoted much faster and at a much frequent rate then women. They also stated that there was a pay gap between men and women where two people of different gender on the same positions were paid differently and women were often paid fairly lower than the men. I think feel the complaints are valid. If you are in a job and you see other coworkers getting hired whom are less qualified than you are then I think that the complaints are valid. If more than one complaint is being made about the company then an investigation is warranted. The complaints are justified if you apply for a position or inquire about a position and the company doesn’t give you an opportunity but then turn around and hire a male whom is less qualified than you are. That’s reason to make a concrete decision and go forward. I would have done the exact same thing. Question 3: What factors do you think might account for the discrepancies the Drogin report uncovered? 1) wrong perception of higher level employees towards females. 2) Subjective analysis of performance 3) Biased promotion policies 4)Lack of clearly stated promotion criteria and wage structure. Question 4: What, if anything, do you think Wal-Mart should do to correct these discrepancies? Should the company institute an â€Å"affirmative action† promotion program for female employees? If so, what should this program look like? To correct the above issues wal-mart should try and place an monitoring system which would monitor the promotion procedure and the ratio in which male and female employees are promoted, try and specify the promotion criteria and wage structures and make it’s even for all employees regardless of their gender so as to avoid situations like this in the future. Strict action and measures should be taken against people encouraging gender discrimination in the company i.e the managers as stated in the case. Question 5: Do you think the women deserve to win their lawsuit?

Learning From Mentors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning From Mentors - Research Paper Example Mentors help immensely because these are the persons who give a clear cut idea of the different ways and means through which the same question or concern could be handled in a totally different manner or perspective. What is even more imperative here is the ideology that this learning is one for the long term as it shapes up ideas, changes beliefs and turns the difficulties into areas of ease and comfort. Adult learning has always been seen as something that shall bring out a lot of value for the people, who are in dire straits; who would like to make amends with their lives in more ways than one, and find ideas to tackle the quandaries that they are stuck within. Learning that has been gained through the mentors is strategic in its disposition. This is because it takes care of the negativities that arise within an adult, and tells him how to act forthrightly. It asks of him to mend his ways within the moral constructs and allows him to learn new aspects which would not be deciphered and made understandable somewhere else. Hence a great amount of learning is being done in an online manner which is somewhat of an interesting exercise. What is even more important is the fact that this learning will not fade away with the passage of time, and continue to get bolstered as and when times change (Longenecker, 2011). This is one significant aspect that has come to the fore, and with the kind of changes happening on the global front, the learning that has been devised and transferred over the years through these mentors is all the more pivotal. The beliefs are changed, the perspectives are shifted and the entire dynamics of learning are given a complete revamp – such is the gravity of the learning variations which have been highlighted in the recent times. The role of the learner within such understandings and debates is an equally quintessential one. This is because it is his role that shall take the topic forward. If he would seem disinterested right from the very beginning, there is little one could do regarding the learning that has been gained from the mentors in the first place. It is for this reason that the mentors are given the proper credit that they richly deserve because they have been able to shift viewpoints, change perspectives and turn beliefs into proper ideologies. The adult learning mechanism is being seen as a very gigantic step towards building value for the sake of the individuals who seek to learn and thus get acquainted with the norms and routines of life. The learner shall have to properly address his fears and concerns in front of the mentor because if these are not taken care of, there will be little that one can do regarding the dynamics of the learning quarters which have come about with the passage of time. What is even more significant is how the learning quarters are being perceived by the mentors because these touch upon the basis of growth, productivity and development for the sake of the learners under qu estion (Dutton, 2003). Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, learning is usually given emphasis by the mentors who believe very strongly on the premise of bringing out value and quality for the learners. This is

Airflow in Ducts Research Paper Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Airflow in Ducts Research Paper - Lab Report Example Experiment 2 There is a slight fall in pressure in the approach section and the static pressure is at a minimum about one pipe diameter before the orifice plate. The pressure of the fluid then rises near the face of the orifice. There is then a sudden fall of pressure as the fluid passes through the orifice, but the minimum pressure is not attained until the vena contracta is reached. Beyond the vena contracta, there is a rapid recovery in the static pressure. Owing to friction and dissipation of energy in turbulence, the maximum downstream pressure is always lesser than the upstream pressure. The pressure loss so caused depends upon the differential pressure and increases as the orifice ratio decreases for a given rate of flow. Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Lit erature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Discussion of Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Introduction Experiment 1 The main intention of this experiment is to explore the relationship between fluids and the media through which they travel by exploring the events that occur in the movement of a fluid from one point to another and the characteristics of the fluid itself. These ma y include may include pressure, momentum, viscosity, turbulence, velocity of the fluid and friction. It also considers the impact of foreign bodies and flow equipment along the path of the fluid This experiment will allow students to learn the method of measuring air flow velocity using Pitot tube. The student will understand the working principle of Pitot tube as well as the importance of Bernoulli equation in deriving and calculating the velocity by exploring the developing boundary layer in the entry length of a pipe. Experiment 2 The main objective of this was to determine the vital discharge coefficient for an orifice plate meter installed within an air flow pipe and using the static pressure tapping’s provided, to investigate the pressure distribution along the pipe downstream of the orifice plate. Literature review Essentially fluid dynamics in physics is considered as a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics, and deals with the relations between velocities and acceleration s and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion. This field encompasses aerodynamics, (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluids are either liquids or gases A liquid is a state of matter in which the molecules are relatively but still are on average close enough together to interact continuously with nearest neighbors so as to maintain a relatively fixed volume. In contrast, a gas exists as a state of matte

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY Essay

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS AFTER TRAUMATIC INJURY - Essay Example This article aimed at investigating the history and tendency of PTSD after traumatic injury. The research stated null hypothesis as: Ho= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic  brain injury would suffer the symptoms of trauma† where as the alternative hypothesis stated: Ha= â€Å"patients who develop PTSD after traumatic brain injury would not suffer from the symptoms of trauma†. Traumatic injury is taken as independent variable whereas post traumatic disorder is studied as dependent variable. Sampling procedure employed to gather data is probability sampling in which structured interview of the patients suffering form traumatic disorder were conducted. A sample of 96  patients was included in the study. The mean value  for posttraumatic amnesia was 36.97 days (SD=30.65) as established by use of â€Å"Westmead Posttraumatic Amnesia Scale†. The mean â€Å"Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)†Ã‚  score  was 8.00 (SD=3.78). Mean posttraumatic amnesia and GCS  scores indicated that the average level of traumatic brain injury  was very severe. The 96 patients who participated in the 6-month assessment had (mean=8.00,  SD=3.78) (t=2.96, df=124, p

Presentation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Presentation paper - Essay Example As technology has brought each country closer in the virtual sense, learning another dialect has evolved into an avenue non-native speakers take to improve their communication skills. Research has shown that many companies prefer hiring applicants who can speak in languages often encountered in their respective industries. As a result, non-native speakers as young as elementary students have been spending thousands of money to immerse themselves in language learning activities to enable them to enter top schools and eventually, gain worthwhile employment. Conversely, the drive for bilingual education has also met opposition from some groups. There are those who believe that in attempting to teach two languages simultaneously, the learner will only improve at a slower pace and might encounter confusion. (Duignan) On the other hand, there are other groups who think that introducing a new language may make the learner forget his native dialect and the culture that comes with it. Ultimately, learning another language will always be beneficial to the learner, especially when started at a young age, because it enhances the learner as a person. Despite the drawbacks other people suppose bilingual education brings, this way of learning appears to be necessary in order to advance in today’s modern

A science column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A science column - Essay Example We have to charge our cell phones whenever they are exhausted of energy/power. This we have to do by using electricity and we wonder how electricity and the cell phones are related such that we are able to communicate with people far away from us once the two have been fused together. Sometimes, we have magnets which attract certain things such s iron materials and other types of magnetic materials. We wonder where such force of attraction is originating from inside the magnet, just a piece of steel or iron. All these fascinations are the results of certain discoveries made some time back in the history of science and have been integrated over time to operate in some ways which actually make life easier and convenient. The relationship between electricity and magnetism can be traced back to the times of the greatest scientists who contributed so much to the development of electricity ad electric discoveries such as Michael Faraday and Ampere. This paper will look at the integration b etween the two laws developed by Michael Faraday and Ampere to explain the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Michael Faraday developed a law which tried to explain this relationship by drawing a connecting line between electric transfers and magnetism. The laws can be defined in terms of electromotive force (emf), the force believed to be the driving force of an electric current, as Faraday notes. The law states that: â€Å"A time- changing magnetic flux though a closed circuit induces an emf in the circuit.† (Sadiku) Faraday’s electromagnetic induction can be divided into two laws which are however related to each other and tries to explain the flow and the induction of magnetism in a substance. The first law states that: â€Å"whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an emf is induced which is called the induced emf, if the circuit is closed, current is also induced which is called the induced current.† (Sadiku) The second law states that â€Å"the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages whereby the flux linkage is the product of the number of turns of the coils n and the flux associate with it.† (Sadiku). According to this law, the number of turns in the coil will then determine the amount of current flowing through the wire and vice versa as shown in the diagram. This emf only last as long as the magnetic current within the circuit continues to change. In this way Faraday developed a law which describes the electromagnetic induction whereby, an electric field is usually induced or created by a changing magnetic field. When current flows in a solenoid wounded around a magnetic material, the material becomes magnetized and this creates the potential difference. It is this difference which keeps the current flowing from one point to another. The emf developed is the force that works against the electric potential commonly referred to as the voltage. The common voltage in dry cell s is 1.5 and has the electric potential moving from the positive electrode t

Epiphenomenalism a retrospective analysis Essay

Epiphenomenalism a retrospective analysis - Essay Example It suggests that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but in turn, the mental event has no effects upon the physical events. Epiphenomenalists argue that behaviour is a result of muscular activity resultant from neural impulses and that these impulses are triggered by other impulses that are inputs from the senses. Thus the mind has no role to play in human behavior. Huxley himself compared the mental events to the steam horns that are fitted on a steam locomotive. He said that they play no vital role on the functioning of the steam engine. Mental phenomena according to him cannot create anymore impact on the physical plain anymore than a shadow can create impacts on the footsteps of the person. All mental events can be broadly divided in to two categories according to their nature. The first one comprises of phenomenal experiences such as pain, qualia after images and tastes etc. The second kind of mental events comprises of occurent propositional attitudes such as beliefs and desires. Arguments on epiphenomenalism can concern both types of mental events and one cannot give solid evidence to its sanctity on both levels. The two types of mental events can be connected provided we assume that we have our qualia. Thus if we assume that pains have no physical effects, we could infer that (i) pains do not cause the belief that we are in pain and (ii) beliefs that we are in pain is epiphenomenal. Since if we believe that we are in pain and it leads us to some response (even indirectly) having an effect on the physical plane, then we would have to affirm that the whole proposition of epiphenomena is nothing but absurd because according to the theory, the feeling that we are in pain should have no consequence to events in our physical world. The logic though lies in the premise that events in the physical world have sufficient causes in the physical world and if men tal events were real and separate from physical events, then it would require a violation of physical law. The interactionist model proposed that the pineal gland undergoes changes according to mental events and brings about physical changes. But epiphenomena denies the involvement of any mental events and hence such physical changes of the pineal gland should have to be explained by events in the physical plane. It explicitly states that there will be no such change in the gland until a physical force would cause it to change. This is where epiphenomena disappoint us once more. Its rigidity and lack of accommodative capacity for new findings leave us with no option, but to sideline it and look for a better theory. Other arguments that are contrary to the standing of epiphenomena include the theory of natural selection. For that theory to stand, it should explain the development of consciousness. But a property by which a selection can occur in a species is relevant only when particular thoughts have effects upon specific behavior patterns. Therefore it is imperative that the conscious and the qualia should alter the course of behaviour in the physical world - quite contrary to what epiphenomenalism states. We all know that natural selection is a reality whether we like it or not and hence as a consequence epiphenomenalism fails to stand ground. It also contradicts the existence of other minds. But we do know that

Narrative paper about Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Narrative paper about - Essay Example I could not wait for the heady rush of adrenalin, the wind whistling past my face, deafening me a little and making my eyes tear up, and the sheer energy that a pair of screeching wheels can bring. Most grown men love speed, but youngsters can be addicted to it. Mopeds were glamorous at the time, and in my mind's eyes I met a hundred admiring glances. In those times, renting a bike was a breeze, you did not need a license, proof of age, paperwork or insurance. If you could put money on the table, the bike could be yours for the day. I took myself to the nearest rental, and was immediately able to get my hands on what I thought a handsome blue mount. It was not able to exceed 40 miles an hour, but that did not deter me from pushing it to its limit. I was lost in my hour of glory, speeding along without a care in the world and a tune on my lips. As it happened, I should have been paying more attention. Because all of a sudden there appeared a small boy from nowhere and dashed across the road. Everything around me stopped for that moment, and went into an excruciatingly slow motion. I knew I was going to hit the kid before I actually did, but there was nothing I could do to stop it. My hands were paralyzed in the shock of the moment and did not make it to the hand brake on time.

Financial accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial accounting - Research Paper Example Practice 3-1 Solution: a. The accounts impacted by the transaction are 'Cash' and 'Notes Payable' b. Both 'Cash' and 'Notes Payable' accounts increased. c. 'Cash' and 'Notes Payable' accounts increased by $5,000. d. Total Assets increased by $5,000, Total Liabilities increased by $5000, Total Equity, however remained unchanged. Practice 3-2 Solution: a. The accounts impacted by the transaction are 'Cash' and 'Land' b. 'Cash' account decreased while 'Land' account increased. c. 'Cash' decreased by $45,000. 'Land' increased by $45,000. d. Total Assets, Total Liabilities and Total Equity remained unchanged. Practice 3-11 Solution 20XX May 1 Cash.. . 125,000 Notes Payable.. 125,000 Borrowed from Far West Bank signing a 2-yearnote at 14% Practice 3-12 Solution 20XX May 14 Land.. 45000 Cash.. 45000 Bought land on west side of Hatu Lake Practice 3-16 Solution Refer to Practice 3-11 Notes Payable 20XX 20XX May1 Beg. Bal. 0 May1 Cash 125000 May30 End. Bal. 125000 Cash 20XX 20XX May1 Beg. Bal. 0 May1 Notes Payable 125,000 May30 End. Bal. $125,000 Refer to Practice 3-12 Land 20XX 20XX May1 Beg. Bal. 0 May14 Cash 45000 May30 End. Bal. $45000 Cash 20XX 20XX May1 Beg. Bal. 0 May 14 Land 45000 May30 End. Bal....These are called "generally accepted" because they are widely accepted by business community. Otherwise, these rules will have no application in business. In the USA, Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) develops GAAP. It is a private body that sets both broad and specific rules (Wild, 2005). Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is another government entity that sets reporting requirements for companies that issues stock to general public. In addition to above-mentioned two bodies, there is another board called International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that establishes International Financial Reporting Standards. This is an attempt to establish a harmonious and consistent system of accounting throughout the globe. However, IASB cannot impose these rules to organizations. The main objective of GAAP is to make financial information "relevant, reliable and comparable" (Wild, 2005). Managers' decisions are highly affected by the relevant financial information. Adherence to GAAP offers reliability to financial information and wins the trust of the user. Good understanding of these principles is necessary especially when you are comparing the performance of two or more companies, especially when the companies belong to different industries or countries. An adjusting entry is necessary to bring assets/ liabilities and revenu

Purpose of a Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Purpose of a Literature Review Essay Purpose of a Literature Review to identify what has already been done/found, in relation to the research topic that is being studied and answers the question of what needs to happen next. provide a brief overview of research youve read. Demonstrate that you understand the topic and have significant knowledge within the field of study and then make a case. Making a case may be an analysis of research, study, or conceptual argument. Also, be sure to include a persuasive argument. At the end of a literature review you should identify a gap or misinterpretation within the information (identify and explore the gap). My approach to writing this literature review was somewhat similar to the writing of a regular essay. Ive used this approach in past assignments Ive completed including such as a narrative and an annotated bibliography. They all have similar characteristics. Thank goodness for this! It gives me an idea of where to start. I believe these common characteristics are the main subject of the piece of writing and evidence/textuality of your point from other readings. Textuality is using pieces of writing from other works to support your points.  Beware, though these essays may serve as a guide, they also have many differences. What should you do next? *Ponders* Information! Information! Information! Be resourceful, support your claims, justify your answers. It is important that you do this in the correct way. My greatest advice would be to ask your professor for a peer review guide and use it as you write. This will ensure that your writing is clear, organized, flowing, and well-written. If you feel as though you cannot do this for yourself, Id suggest having someone else read your literature review aloud. Dailyns essential steps to writing a literature review; these are my own ideas so I have no proof if they actually worked until I recieve feedback. Im hoping I pulled this one together. How do you approach literature reviews? Good luck, and until next time. Take care. Literature Reviews What this handout is about This handout will explain what a literature review is and offer insights into the form and construction of a literature review in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. Introduction OK.  Youve got to write a literature review. You dust off a novel and a book of poetry, settle down in your chair, and get ready to issue a thumbs up or thumbs down as you leaf through the pages. Literature review done. Right? Wrong! The literature of a literature review refers to any collection of materials on a topic, not necessarily the great literary texts of the world. Literature could be anything from a set of government pamphlets on British colonial methods in Africa to scholarly articles on the treatment of a torn ACL. And a review does not necessarily mean that your reader wants you to give your personal opinion on whether or not you liked these sources. What is a literature review, then? A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant. But how is a literature review different from an academic research paper? The main focus of an academic research paper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will contain a literature review as one of its parts. In a research paper, you use the literature as a foundation and as support for a new insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions. Why do we write literature reviews? Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research papers investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers. Who writes these things, anyway? Literature reviews are written occasionally in the humanities, but mostly in the sciences and social sciences; in experiment and lab reports, they constitute a section of the paper. Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself.

Ethics in Art and Science

Ethics in Art and Science â€Å"Ethical judgments limit the methods available for the production of knowledge in art and science† refers to the restrictions caused in the two fields in researching and creation due to the judgments caused by ethics upon the methods. It states that the production of knowledge is limited due to the ethical restrictions imposed in its creation. Science research and certain types of art have been banned due to them being considered â€Å"unethical† in nature, without any regard for their contribution in the progress of the nation in science and art. Ethics refer to the standard of morals that are acceptable in society. They define right from wrong according to what people deem appropriate. Ethics help people in getting a clear understanding of what is considered antisocial. They make up an invisible rule book that sets conditions as to what one should and shouldn’t do; it is a universally accepted scheme of behavior and allowances. Morals are the characters or conducts that are considered good or evil. Ethical morality means adhering to what is right and avoiding the things that are usually considered unacceptable. Morals and ethics help one become a better human and are a boon in most ways they are taught to all children from a young age and anyone that doesn’t imbibe them is frowned upon and avoided. Our classification of actions into ethical, justifies acceptable and unethical, unacceptable and classifications unlawful constraints and obstructs the growth of science and art and act as a bane in many ways. To further emphasize these â€Å"ethics certain activities are given harsh names. For example painting of public property, commonly called graffiti, is considered vandalism. Not only does it add art and color to normal uninteresting placed but it also expresses the thoughts of the citizens ,many times it depicts the past history and major events, it gives a deeper view and also a chance for unclaimed artists to express themselves and showcase their capabilities. If people would stop judging vandalism they would see the hidden beauty and talent. Doing research on animals is very often tagged as â€Å"abusing† the animals, when they are merely being used for experiments to gain more knowledge about them. Egon Shile once said to restrict the artist is a crime. It is to murder germinating life however much one considers a piece of art morally unjustified one cannot. Impose restrictions upon it as that would truly be murderous. To not appreciate it is a different thing, but to obstruct it would be a crime. Art is a means of communication, expression and knowledge, it cannot be barred. People’s mindsets and social pressures of what is ethical obstruct the progression of art. Shakespeare would still be making gloves like his father had it not been for his stubbornness. He was headstrong and determined to follow his heart and write, as was his passion. In his time, he had to face lots of problems as writing was not considered to be valuable and people usually carried on the job of their forefathers from generations before, for Shakespeare to dismiss those traditions and follow his heart caused huge problems, it was considered â€Å"unethical† for him to go against those traditions and he thus had to face many difficulties. Had Shakespeare succumbed to these pressures and continued in his father’s business as would have been appropriate according to the norms of ethical society, the world would never have got to witness such a great playwright. He would be another common glove maker who lived and died unacknowledged and without causing any differe nce in the world of art and literature. In the time of Michelangelo, his paintings were first disapproved due to the nudity. People’s ideals against nudity in drawings cause them to turn blind towards the beauty and the feelings expressed in it. They realized that he was paying his models which were mainly prostitutes and as they considered prostitution sinful, according to them his usage of them as his muse and paying them to pose naked meant his paintings would be having the figures of prostitutes which would corrupt them; this mindset caused him to face many problems in his earlier days. His paintings had major difficulties and being sold, he almost gave up painting due to this, had he done so the Sistine Chapel may never be as famous and honored as it is today. Ethics almost shadowed an artist into giving up his pleasure due to the hardships and disapproval they aroused. His sculptures too were considered evil in the beginning as they expressed holy scenes in a different way and interpreted the Bible differently and unusually unlike the traditional method. His first Madonna and Son was highly insulted while it was still in the process of being made because it was nothing like how the usual sculptures were, but his unusualness and due to breaking the rules of tradition hat bound him, he is now known as a world famous sculptor of the David and his Madonna and Child sculptures are well renowned. The field of science requires people to be broadminded and willing to take risks. To be able to invent and discover new things scientists require people to be open to new methods of experimenting. To explore the world of science is t break the boundaries of ethic, logic and common things. It is to have a vision and find method to prove it. It requires making theories and looking for ways to prove them. To make discoveries one needs to break away from the commonly accepted beliefs and methods. Thus it is important for the scientists to not be bound by ethics and morals, to progress in the field and provide more accurate and newer information they need to be able to experiment in any way they please without having to seek acceptance. In Michelangelo’s time post mortems of bodies was illegal and one could be arrested and executed for the same. He was determined and had to hide and cut up bodies to explore them and see the organs. He was probably amongst the first people to hold a heart and brain in his hand. It was against the law and unethical but it was necessary for him to do so to make his sculptures more realistic and authentic. His breaking this ethical law resulted in his growth of knowledge about the human body. He was able to make much superior sculpture once he was able to determine the organs in the body as they helped him give the correct volume and dimension of the body. His discovery expanded his knowledge in science would not have been possible due to the ethical conduct of that era, and he would have never got to explore the human system had he not broken this conduct. Science and art can progress much further if they are not limited by ethics and morals, certain things must be excused from the usual norms of society as that will be the only way that we will have any progression or there could be mere stagnation in the fields of art and science. Artists must be allowed to break the barriers of ethics and express themselves freely as their works are mainly a source of reflection of today’s society. Science on the other hand requires a certain amount of freedom and exclusion from the usual ethical norms of society, for science to progress and discoveries to be made, certain allowances and concessions must be given. For humans to know and understand animals better they must be allowed to conduct experiments and study them to decipher their thought process and lifestyle and to understand their reactions and behavior to certain situations. Science must be free from the tethers of human morals and ethics and it must not be judged and obstructed. Limiting and restraining the field of science will only cause us to be ignorant and uninformed about the world. Ethics are needed to provide a certain safety and to an extent, a united environment without controversies, but it must not interfere with the progress of humanity and studies. It would only cause problems in the future, and if not causing problems it would definitely not do anything worthwhile n contributiong towards providing the solutions.

Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay

Right And Wrongs Of Animal Rights And Experimentation Philosophy Essay Animal experimentation is a controversial issue that has been debated for thrity-five years. In early 1970, a group of students of Oxford academics shared their opinions about animal rights by writing an article for the Sunday Times. One member of the group, Richard Ryder, wrote three articles in the Daily Telegraph stating his views concerning the wrongness of animal rights and scientific experimentation. After doing so, Ryder wrote a pamphlet titled Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry to the Maltreatment of Non-Humans, and in response to Ryders pamphlet, an Australian philosopher, Peter Singer, put forth his beliefs about animal rights. After Singer responded, he published a piece called Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals in 1975. This portion of work noted the beginning of the Animal Rights Movement, also known as Animal Liberation Movement. Many animal-rights activists, professionals, and philosophers argue that testing is morally wrong, while scientists , who test new products on our furry, little friends, argue that there is nothing wrong with it. This paper will explain the outlooks of those who are against animal experimentation and believe animals deserve the same rights as humans, those who are moderate, feeling that a middle ground should be established, and one who conducts the experiments and is for animal experimentation. Animal Rights uses each chapter to explain a persons beliefs concerning animal rights. The introduction begins by mentioning Peter Singer and explaining his arguments for animal rights. In Animal Liberation, Singer states People hold animals in a state of tyranny. This tyranny has caused and today is still causing an amount of pain and suffering that can only be compared with that which resulted from the centuries of tyranny by white humans over black humans (7). He argues that animals should be treated with the same rights as humans. He asks for humans to really question animal treatment and to give animals the same consideration as any other species, including humans (7). Four basic principles were outlined as a result of the animal rights movement beginning in 1975. First: Pain is bad, no matter whose pain it might beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This does not mean that pain is the only thing that is bad, or that inflicting pain is always wrong. Sometimes it may be necessary to inflict pain and suffering on oneself or othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.But this is justified because it will lead to less suffering in the long run; the pain is still in itself a bad thing. Second: Humans are not the only beings capable of feeling pain or sufferingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Of course, the nature of the beings will affect how much pain they suffer in any given situation. Third: When we consider how serious it is to take a life, we should look, not at race, sex, or species to which that being belongs, but at characteristics of the one being killed, for example, its own desire about continuing to live, or the kind of life it is capable of leading. Forth: We are responsible not only for what we do but also for what we could have preventedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We should consider the consequences both of what we do and of what we decide not to do (7, 8.). However, some animal-rights activists and organizations believe that Singers views were not enough. He opposed most experimentation if it was not for the benef it of science, when the argument should have been all experimentation. An individual introduced after Singer in Animal Rights, Steven M. Wise, is an author and a law professor who generally shares the beliefs of Singer, but he is one that agrees that the controversy that all animal experimentation is unacceptable. Wise argues that animals deserve legal rights just as the human race does, because, although many dont believe him, he thinks that animals are just as dependent as humans. Many humans believe that because animals are, most of the time, dependent on humans to take care of them, they dont deserve the basic legal rights, but Wise counters this argument by stating, Human babies, for example, do not act autonomously, yet they have rights (64.). He also counters the particular argument that animals lack the ability to think rationally, make decisions, and understand emotions such as the human brain and therefore dont deserve rights, with the growing evidence that some animals, particularly nonhuman primates, have extraordinary mental capabilities (6 4.) He continues to fight for and teach others about animal rights and experimentation. Contradicting the proposals of Singer and Wise, is the philosophy that animals lack souls and the ability to reason, justifying the use of animals for experimentation (122.) Animal Experimentation is used mainly in the Cosmetics Industry but also in the Drug, Food Additives, Supplements, Household Products, Pesticides, and Industrial Chemical Industries, and is still conducted in the United Kingdom and possibly in Universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and military defense establishments. Animal experimentation has been proven in many cases to improve medicine and science, and this is the viewpoint in which Professor Carl Cohen bases his beliefs that animal experimentation is necessary. Cohen argues that experiments on animals are necessary in order to safeguard and improve human health and well-being (128.) In saying this, he implies that without experimentation on animals, vaccines for malaria and polio would have never been invented. He feels th at none of the above industries could have advanced today without animals to experiment on. Frank Gannon is an individual who has quite a different opinion than Singer, Wise, and Cohen. Animal testing can be both beneficial and non-beneficial, and Gannon feels that a middle ground must be reached. Gannon published a journal article in EMBO Reports stating, The debate over whether and how scientists should use animal models has been inflammatory, and the opposing viewpoints are difficult to reconcile (519.) Animal-rights protesters argue that the use of animals for experimentation should be completely abolished. According to Gannon, Many scientists insist that some experiments require the use of animals and want to minimize regulation, arguing that it would impede their research, but most scientists try to limit experiments on animals. Gannon believes that society must find the middle ground-avoiding the cruel and unnecessary abuse of animals in research while accepting and allowing their use if it benefits society. He feels that in order for our society to flourish and beco me more medically advanced, its necessary to test on animals as long as its not flagrant abuse. New products have to be tested in order to be proven effective. William Hamblin, author of another online journal article, takes Gannons belief to the next step. Hamblin mainly supports animal experimentation by stating Animal testing is used in several areas of research. The three main areas are pure research, drug testing, and the testing of cosmetics, and many good things have come from experiments in these areas. Animal testing has played a very important role in medical advancement. Hes for it, because less than ten percent of house pets are used for experimentation. He speaks against the ethical argument pointing out that even though humans know animals experience pain, non-human subject suffer less due to their incapability to remember and anticipate pain. Hamblin supports animal testing, because so many advancements as an outcome outweigh all of the rodents that die, because most of the animals used in testing today are, in fact, lab rats and mice. An interesting viewpoint pertaining to animal experimentation, using Hamblins beliefs as a basis, comes from Tipu Aziz, a neurosurgeon in Oxford who is pro-animal testing and speaks publicly about using animals to test cosmetics products. Aziz disagrees with the host of writers in Animal Rights. Aziz said, People talk about cosmetics being the ultimate evil, but beautifying one has been going on since we were cavemen. If its not proven to reduce suffering through animal tests, its not wrong to use them. Aziz uses monkeys in his research in order to research improvements towards Parkinsons disease. Primates are very similar to humans, especially on the intellectual level. He isnt afraid to be a vocal supporter, according to interviewer for The Guardian, Jane Marshall, and would like to inform others that animal testing is necessary for medical and scientific advancement. After all, hes doing it for the benefits of the human race. His justifications for animal experimentation, along wi th those of Gannon and Hamblin, are that this is how we humans advance in industries, especially medical and scientific which are needed for our society to develop. He reasons that its not a fact that animals suffer from testing, and until proven, its acceptable to improve our civilization through testing. Testing helps researchers develop cures for diseases and save human life. The only way to learn about something is to test it, and as long as animals dont suffer, theres nothing wrong with it. After researching and reading various beliefs of professors and philosophers who are for animal rights and against experimentation, journal authors who believe in a compromise, and scientists who see no wrong in experimenting on animals, my argument for animal rights and against experimentation has slightly changed. I still feel that animals should have legal rights, just as humans, and experimentation is unethical, but I agree with Gannon and Hamblin on the fact that society must find the middle ground. As long as the testing that occurs isnt abusive, its important for our society to become more medically and scientifically advanced. The animal-rights activists need to accept within all reality that in the labs, its not proven that scientists are abusing animals. Scientists test new products on rats and mice for the improvement of human life. As long as animals arent being hurt and we are finding cures for diseases, there needs to be a compromise and the controversy should end.

Culture and Ideology in the Movie, Seven Essay -- Movie Film Essays

Culture and Ideology in the Movie, Seven Samurai Many directors use their films as a means of glorifying, criticizing, or simply depicting, a particular ideological system. These ideologies are especially visible in foreign films, as the viewer is forced to assess the film from outside his or her culture and ideology, and consider the film in its proper context. Director Akira Kurosawa’s Japanese film Seven Samurai allows the viewer to understand several important aspects of Japanese culture and ideology. First, the film depicts the Japanese social class structure and its acceptance by the masses. Seven Samurai also reveals the pride of the Japanese, as well as the utilitarian, collectivist nature of their society. As one of the farmers explains early in the film, farmers are born to suffer, it is their lot in life. This illustrates the Japanese class system, and the lack of upward mobility in it. The characters in the film all accept their place in the class structure, however low, and do nothing to change it. Although the farmers enlist the help of samurai to defend their v...

The Italian Wars :: history

The Italian Wars The Italian Wars 1494-1559: - Introduction: The key issues over which the Italian Wars were fought were primarily financial incentives for Charles VIII of France. He declared that he intended to use Naples as a base to drive the Ottomans out of Europe and liberate Constantinople. In actual truth his main motivation was self-glory and the mouth-watering prospect of acquiring some exquisite prizes of war. On the way he would acquire rich cities and portable pieces of art. It seems that this invasion had been planned for two years prior since Charles had already bought off potential rivals like Henry VII of England, Ferdinand and Macsimilion. He had also enlisted the support of Genoa and Milan, both within Italy. The regent of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, needed allies and his invitation in 1594 seemed to Charles’ plans perfectly. He accepted and the Italian wars began. Also, the Cardinal of Genoa resented the current Pope, Alexander VI. He invited Charles to come in, depose him and spark off the eagerly awaited church reform. Events 1494-1516: - There was a mixed reaction to the arrival of Charles in Italy. Florence revolted against its leader, Piero de Medici. The Popes army deserted him. In Naples the king died and rather than unite against his son the populous decided to capitulate. There was however some reaction against Charles’ activities. Ferdinand of Aragon decreed that since Naples was subject to the papacy, that the Popes honour had been attacked. He formed the League of Venice. His main intentions were to expel Charles and become the ruler of a united Naples, Sicily and Aragon. Charles began to withdraw to France and although he won a battle at Fornovo, his outnumbered garrisons couldn’t retain Naples. By 1498 the situation in Italy was one of chaos and turmoil. Charles died in 1498, which meant that there wasn’t going to be a re-invasion. Popular uprisings in Milan and Florence saw the Medicis and the Sforzas overthrown. Civil war was raging on between Pisa and Florence and the accession of Louis VIII as French King meant that the prospects for peace did not look too good. Louis had inherited Naples, but his main objective was Milan, which he invaded in 1499. He settled for the Western half and gave the Eastern half to Venice. He then headed southward to Naples, which he had agreed to jointly rule with Ferdinand.

Cultural practices that affect health Essay

To be able to gauge the prevalence of female circumcision, the perception of immigrants on its occurrence and benefits, as well as the actual activity that allows it to happen in these communities, an investigative research should be launched to gather information. Since many states have outlawed female circumcision, its occurrence has become an underground activity (Gibeau, 2006). To be able to fully understand the beliefs behind this practice and to determine how prevalent it is, and the circumstances by which it is conducted there is a need to find out where and who is involved in the practice of female circumcision in the United States. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of female circumcision in the United States and to determine the following: (1) Who practices female circumcision and promotes its occurrence in the community? (2) Where is female circumcision conducted and in what conditions? (3) What is the attitude and opinion of immigrants and first generation Americans toward female circumcision within the migrant community? This study will focus on the occurrence of female circumcision within the migrant communities of African ethnic decent. Because the goal is to determine how the cultural practices specific to an ethnic group has continued within the migrant community, the study sample will consist of immigrants and their offspring or first generation American-born individuals. The study will be conducted through a series of interviews. Interviewees will be chosen based with primary criteria being they are Africa-born individuals who have successfully migrated in the United States as adults, and continue to live with a family or plan remain to have a family in the United States. Face-to-face interviews will be conducted with the assurance of anonymity for interviewees. A structured questionnaire will be created consisting of open ended questions relating to their views regarding female circumcision and their experience or witness of its occurrence. Reference List Gibeau, A. M. (2006). â€Å"Female genital mutilation: When a cultural practice generates clinical and ethical dilemmas. † Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 27(1). Blackwell Publishing.

Aging in Family and Marriage

People in society have a longer life-span now than ever before in the history of man.   The population of old people and â€Å"old old† people are increasing every year making a four generation family – consisting of children, parents, grandparents and great-grandparents – the norm in society.In the late 19th century the amount of people in their senior years (i.e. 65 years old and above), given a total population of 23.2 million people was 600,000 which increased tremendously in the 20th century.At the beginning of the 20th century, the amount of old people were at 3.1 million given a population of 76,000,000 and in 1975, with a population of 235,000,000, there were 21.8 million senior citizens in society, making it an 8 percent increase in old people in a span of 75 years.With that percentage growth, there are definitely more â€Å"old old† people currently in society and it cannot be doubted that the amount of â€Å"old old† people affects soci ety in numerous ways.  Ã‚   For this study, the effect of the aging population on the most basic institution of society will be discussed – the family.Aging definitely affects people’s lives and proportionally affects the lives of the people around those who are aging.   Since the family is the basic unit of society, the effect of aging on the family and the changes that occur in that social unit because of aging will be discussed.When we speak of family, this entails the relationships between parent and child as well as husband and wife. Aging has an impact on these relationships that cannot be ignored by the rest of society as the family represents the foundation of society and thus if any changes occur within that framework then it cannot be questioned that these changes influence the dynamics that transpire with the society as a whole.Aging and the FamilyAccording to Andre Cherline (1983), historically, old people continued to hold the power and authority over the family until the day they died.   This was the case mainly because it was the elders who had ownership of all the properties and resources of that family, which the heir will only be able to handle the moment the patriarch of that family has bequeathed his possession in a will, after his death.Thus, older people were normally respected and feared by the younger generation albeit not loved. (7)   Ã‚  This is especially true since it is in itself an accomplishment to grow old because to be old at that time would mean that the person has survived all the diseases in a time when medicine was not at all as advanced as it is today.Although an accomplishment, it creates resentment in the younger generation especially if the younger generation has reached adulthood since the old man controls the family’s resources, the adult child had to be dependent on the old man until such time that he passes away.This no longer holds true in this day and age.   Familial relations are no t as feudalistic as it used to be during colonial times.   The dynamics of the family are no longer such that the parent has full control of the resources of the family.Although, parents may have possessions that they accumulated throughout the years of hard work that they may want to bequeath to their children, the financial stability of the children are no longer fully dependent on these resources as they can independently work for their own wages and accumulate their own wealth apart from that of their parents.However, the presence of old people poses a problem of idleness wherein they are â€Å"too old to work but too young to die† (Freedman, 1999).   In 1952, insurance companies decided that the best way to care for the elderly was to insure them with pension upon retirement.The marketing ploy was to make retirement a leisure trip – no kids, no responsibilities, no worries – which they coined the â€Å"Golden Years.†Due to this, most elderly peop le availed of a pension plan making them absolutely independent of their children while enjoying the rest of their life in comfort and leisure.(1)   Given this independence of each other, the relationship between adult child and parent are normally more favorable than during the colonial times, wherein the parent and child may develop a more emotionally satisfying relationship which is warm, close and affectionate. (Cherline, p.8)This, however, does not hold true for the elderly who are dependent on their children for financial support.   It is common that the parent had spent all their income for the upbringing and education of their children and so upon retirement there are financially incapable of supporting themselves or even enjoying the â€Å"Golden Years.†In cases like these, the relationship between parent and child may be tense and the dynamics of the family of the adult child will have to change and adjust itself to the presence of the elderly parent.The strain or benefit that the elderly parent will cause to its adult child may differ per situation.   First, assuming that the adult child has his own family, the strain may be caused by the elderly parent’s relationship with the in-law.Depending on how intrusive the elderly parent is, his presence will cause a strain in the marriage of his adult children.   Apart from the possible abrasive nature of the elderly parent, the strain may originate from the extra expense in caring for the elderly parent as well.Assuming that the adult child is divorced the strain in the parent-child relationship maybe greater.   Divorce in itself is a very traumatic experience for those involved in the process and so the divorcee is normally both emotionally sensitive and financially unstable.The strain with the elder parent can come in two forms: the disapproval of the elder parent of the divorce and the expense of caring for an elder parent in a situation when finances, due to the divorce, are ext remely tight.   (15)However, the presence of an elder parent in a newly divorced adult child can also have benefits which can strengthen the relationship between the parent and the adult child.The adult child may find his/her emotional support from the present parent as well as help the adult-child in caring for the children, household and finances (granted that the elder parent is financially able).   (16)  Whatever the case maybe, it is through the relations of the elderly with their family that the elderly are able to maintain their social identity.   (18)   Through their connections to their family – with their children, with their grand children and great-grandchildren – the elderly find purpose and meaning to an otherwise â€Å"purposeless† aging existence when they cannot work and contribute to the society or are too young to die.By providing the emotional support for their children their relationship are strengthened.   Through the caring and sharing in the raising and upbringing of the grandchildren, their contributions to the welfare of the children’s disposition ultimately contributes to the well-being of society.Although, these relationships may not be always peachy, the contribution and influence over their children and their grandchildren is apparent and allows them to continue to become a function of society.Aging and MarriageIn marriage, aging has a very direct consequence and influence.   Assuming that both partners are still alive, the interaction of the spouses within their relationship change proportionately with their age because of their emotional maturity as well as deteriorating physical health.In terms of physical health, physiological complication causes the deterioration of physical intimacy within an elderly couple.   Both the ovarian function in females and the testicular function in males deteriorate as they age.Apart from these physiological changes, psychological changes occur as well.    Especially for men, the inability to sexually perform, the loss of the role of leader and breadwinner, and the extra time to notice everything else may cause depression.   Thus, there is a greater need for emotional support, affirmation, acceptance and trust from the spouse.   (Metz, 1998)As a result of these needs and the compensation for the lack of physical intimacy, elderly couples claim that they have a better relationship with their spouses as they now consider them their best friends.   (Appleton & Bohm, 2001) (Fahey, 2001).As Appleton & Bohm succinctly puts it (2001), elder couples have relationships where â€Å"myths dissipate, reality sets in and marital identity takes hold. Communication patterns solidify, knowledge expands and reliance on collaborative-cooperative styles of dispute resolution increases.†

Disparity between the Rich and Poor Essay

The poor hating the rich has already occurred earlier a few years back, when people started hating the rich because they were selfish and use money inappropriate ways. People eventually started developing jealousy among these rich people, and slowly away did they start riots and protests. There are many reasons why this has happened. Firstly this has happened, because these rich people and poor people are simply just different, any time there are different groups, especially two different groups. And over time people start to notice the differences because they’re divided into classes, and get angry because of the stereotypes of how rich people are snobby and look down on the poor, but it’s stupid to hate someone because of their money rather than hating on their personality. Secondly the poor people are jealous of how the rich tend to lead better lives than the poor, which the poor resent. It’s because of how rich people feel the need to just use money, even if it’s on useless things just to get rid of the money, the poor people are jealous of how they’re throwing things away, that they’re never going to have in their lifetime. And finally, the rich controls how the places run, governmentally and economically. And sometimes they feel like they’re being pushed around because the rich are already richer than them and now being able to bark orders at them, building even more resentment. To solve this issue, the government can start out by setting long term and short term policies. Short-term policies can be used to help the poor people like insurance and help them cover the percentage of the salary and help them regain their path. As for long term policies, it should be provided for the extremely poor people have are almost bankrupt to begin with, meaning it will be the same as short-term policy but longer, for at least 1-2 years. Secondly the rich can also help resolve this issue by holding many charity events for the poor people, charity events games that let them collect money. Then an extremely discounted store just for the poor people. Therefore the poor will not have as much resentment on the rich after they have done this many things for them to live on. This is to build a harmonized society, for the rich and the poor to cooperate with one another.

The Role of Banking Sector in the Prevention of Money Laundering in Bangladesh

Chapter One Introduction 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Besides of development of Economic activities, monetary related crimes are also increasing in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Almost in each country illegal transaction of money has been increased & these illegal money has been also used on various illegal activities. Money laundering process refers to illegal receipt or transfer of fund from one place to another. This process involves not only the banking system of the country but also non-banking system.Bangladesh is moving towards an open economy with a small-magnetized sector by liberalizing the financial and economic policies. However, the money laundering mechanisms are creating problem for a country like Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank as the Central bank of Bangladesh Supervise all the banking and non-banking financial transactions on behalf of Bangladesh Government. Money laundering process is a great obstacle to the execution of monetary policy adopted by Bangladesh bank t o stable the economy of the country.To prevent money laundering, money laundering prevention bill 2002 was passed in the National Assembly of Bangladesh on 5 April 2002 and Gazette Notification was made on 7 April 2002. And Bangladesh Bank has been designated to act as the main preventive agency. Money Laundering has serious adverse effect on Economical, Political & Social condition of a country. It increases unequal distribution of income and as a result, the employment level, output level of the country, price stability as well as economic development and growth can be hampered.So it is immediately required to prevent it. I believe it is a matter of great opportunity for me to study on this topic, as Money laundering, is a manifestation and a facilitator of organized crime, and has attracted increasing interest in our country. Due to money laundering process, desirable investment of the country cannot be done, national income declines and economic growth of the country hampers. 1. Background of Money LaunderingThe mafia mobster Al Capone is most often credited with coining term â€Å"money laundering† because he used investments in coin-operated Laundromats to disguise or â€Å"wash† the millions he made from bootlegging and other illegal enterprises during the Prohibition in the US-the banning of alcoholic drinks in the 20th century. It is also said that the term â€Å"laundering† is used because, years ago, the cash proceeds (in U. S. dollars) from drug sales were actually washed with soap and water to appear old and worn. Launderers would then go to the Federal Reserve Bank and exchange the â€Å"laundered† bills in for new bills.Along with the new bills came a fed receipt, which served to support the â€Å"legitimate† origin of the cash. The scam was finally identified when someone at the Fed realized that the serial numbers on the bills indicated that they should not be as old and worn as they appeared to be. The term first appeared in newspapers reporting the Watergate scandal in the US in 1973 and in judicial/legal contest in the US in 1982. Whilst the term â€Å"money laundering† was coined in the 20th century, it has been going on for several thousand years.The history of money laundering is interwoven with the history of trade and of banking. In 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity when it passed the U. S. money laundering law. The silk road which scholars say first became a real link around 100 BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and linked some of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen – the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Mesopotamian and Egyptian – transporting goods, people, ideas, religions and Money.Chinese inventions like gunpowder and paper first traveled to Europe in this manner. Along with many other things, Syrian jugglers and acrobat s, cosmetics, silver, gold, amber, ivory, carpets, perfume and glass from Europe, Central Asia, Arabia and Africa traveled to the east. It lasted until the 15th century when newly discovered sea routes to Asia opened up. Traditional method of moving money evolved before Western banking became established in the region protecting early merchants along the Silk Road against robbery.In ancient China it was known as â€Å"fei qian† or â€Å"flying coins†. The system spread throughout the world – to other Asian regions, the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East, eastern and southern Africa, Europe and North and South America – following immigration patterns. These traditional money transfer systems are called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, etc. 1970-The US Congress enacted the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) in October 1970 following increasing reports of people bringing bags full of illegally – obtained cash into banks for deposit.The BSA is simply a reporting and reco rd-keeping statute. Although willful violations of its terms are a crime; it does not criminalize money laundering as such. BSA requires banks –retain financial details, -report cash transactions over $ 10,000/-. Thus in 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity. Thus made money laundering a crime in its own right, and strengthened the BSA in several respects, most importantly by prohibiting â€Å"structuring†. 990 – The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) created by the US Treasury on April 25, initially to focus on the detection of financial crimes by providing analytical support to law enforcement investigations. In 1994, the agency would be given BSA regulatory responsibilities. 1992 – Annunzio-Wylie Money Laundering Act amended the BSA in several respects. Perhaps most important, required any financial institution, and its officers, directors, emplo yees and agents, â€Å"to report any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible violation of law or regulation. The Annunzio –Wylie Act, require all financial institutions to put in place, not only BSA compliance programs, but also anti-money laundering programs. At a minimum, the programs would be required to include: 1) The development of internal anti-money laundering policies, procedures and controls; 2) The designation of a compliance officer; 3) An ongoing employee training 4) An independent audit functions to test the program. At first U. S. A. has taken initiative to money laundering but now most of the countries of the world are aware about it. 2. Origin of the ReportThis Research Paper has been prepared for the partial fulfillment of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) Programme. For this purpose honorable teacher and supervisor Mr. Md. Nazrul Islam, Head of the Department of Business Administration, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet aske d to submit a proposal. After discussing with him about various issues of money laundering I have submitted a proposal on â€Å"The Role of Banking Sector in the Prevention of Money Laundering in Bangladesh † was submitted and then the final research paper is prepared. 3.Objective of the Paper The objective of the research paper is to help the students be familiar with how the theoretical knowledge obtained in the degree program can be applied in practice. Generally research is either problem identifying or problem solving tool. The objectives of the study are as follows: – 1. To understand the theoretical concepts of money laundering. 2. To show the present scenario of anti money laundering issues in Bangladesh. 3. To observe the policy development and maintenance by Bangladesh Bank as a supervisor of anti money laundering activities. 4.To figure out core procedures that Bangladesh Bank adopts to supervise the anti money laundering activities. 5. To comment on the exi sting system and recommend for improvement. 1. 4 Methodology Certain methods and techniques is utilized to collect data for this research paper. This study is mainly based on empirical as well as theoretical analysis. Collected data and information is tabulated, processed and analyzed critically in order to make the report informative. Both primary and secondary sources of data are chosen as effective means of collecting data relevant for this paper. . To prepare first part of the research paper secondary sources were used. Publications and database within Bangladesh Bank and others commercial bank helped me to get data about money laundering and its prevention. Various types of circular of Bangladesh Bank regarding money laundering exist in different commercial banks. This paper also required study of annual report, policy related circulars, and service rules, administrative circulars and other related papers. To get more information, I have also collected some books about money la undering and searched website. 2.Interview of the personnel from people within these relevant organizations was the basic technique to collect primary data. Informal discussion with executive connected with the planning and control works in the various levels of the Bangladesh Bank was needed. To collect data and to analyze these properly I have to be interviewed face to face with bank officials. . 5. Justification of the Research To prevent money laundering is very complex task especially in a country like Bangladesh where most of the citizens are illiterate and their economic bad condition inspired them to involve in illegal activities.This increases economic misery of the have-nots and concentrated wealth in the hands of 10% of the total population. The scope and scale of money laundering has increased over time and the process of addressing the problem has become complex because of the global nature of the problem. So cooperation among the law enforcing agencies, awareness of th e overall people of the country about its adverse effects, government strictness to avoid political interferences, all these are required to prevent it, that is, creation of wareness against money laundering is of highest importance at the moment. After about three months research with various money-laundering issues with Bangladesh Bank and Commercial Banks this paper is intended to fulfill course requirements of Masters of Business Administration. Bangladesh Bank, which is the authorized Bank to monitor all the banking and non-banking financial institutional activities, so I have worked on it in details. Beside this I have studied other operational areas of the commercial bank, which have enriched the level of my knowledge. . 6 Limitations Though this report provides the insights of Money Laundering in Bangladesh and the mechanisms by which Bangladesh Bank takes steps to prevent Money Laundering, it has some limitations as well. As the activities of money laundering are illegal, a ll of work is going on behind the sight of general public; it is hard to find out the adequate & real data. The organization on which was studied is the Central Bank of BANGLADESH, which is not a private or public bank of Bangladesh.The main limitation that faced during conducting the study was lack of access to information considered confidential by employees of central bank based on their policy and strategies. Chapter Two 2. 1 Brief History of Money Laundering The mafia mobster Al Capone is most often credited with coining term â€Å"money laundering† because he used investments in coin-operated Laundromats to disguise or â€Å"wash† the millions he made from bootlegging and other illegal enterprises during the Prohibition in the US-the banning of alcoholic drinks in the 20th century.It is also said that the term â€Å"laundering† is used because, years ago, the cash proceeds (in U. S. dollars) from drug sales were actually washed with soap and water to appea r old and worn. Launderers would then go to the Federal Reserve Bank and exchange the â€Å"laundered† bills in for new bills. Along with the new bills came a fed receipt, which served to support the â€Å"legitimate† origin of the cash. The scam was finally identified when someone at the Fed realized that the serial numbers on the bills indicated that they should not be as old and worn as they appeared to be.The term first appeared in newspapers reporting the Watergate scandal in the US in 1973 and in judicial/legal contest in the US in 1982. Whilst the term â€Å"money laundering† was coined in the 20th century, it has been going on for several thousand years. It is said that the abuse of Chinese merchants and others by oppressive regimes and despotic rulers led them to find ways to hide their wealth, including ways of moving it around without it being identified and confiscated. Money laundering in this sense was prevalent 4000 years before Christ.Many minori ties in countries down the ages and around the world have taken steps to preserve wealth from the rulers- either from blatant confiscation or from taxation and, indeed, from a combination of both, who have targeted them simply because of their beliefs or colour. It is happening even today. And, of course from those seeking to enforce judgments in civil cases or to follow the money that results from other crime. The history of money laundering is interwoven with the history of trade and of banking. In 1986, the U. S. ecame the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity when it passed the U. S. money laundering law. 2. 2 The Silk Road – Once World’s main commercial artery The silk road which scholars say first became a real link around 100 BC, ran for 12,000 kilometers and linked some of the greatest civilizations the world has ever seen – the Chinese, Mongolian, Indian, Persian, Greek, Byzantine, Me sopotamian and Egyptian – transporting goods, people, ideas, religions and Money. Heading west were porcelain, furs, spices, gems and other exotic products of Asia.Chinese inventions like gunpowder and paper first traveled to Europe in this manner. Along with many other things, Syrian jugglers and acrobats, cosmetics, silver, gold, amber, ivory, carpets, perfume and glass from Europe, Central Asia, Arabia and Africa traveled to the east. It lasted until the 15th century when newly discovered sea routes to Asia opened up. Traditional method of moving money evolved before Western banking became established in the region protecting early merchants along the Silk Road against robbery. In ancient China it was known as â€Å"fei qian† or â€Å"flying coins†.The system spread throughout the world – to other Asian regions, the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East, eastern and southern Africa, Europe and North and South America – following immigration patte rns. These traditional money transfer systems are called as Chop, Hawala, Hundi, etc. 2. 3 History of Criminalizing Money Laundering 1970-The US Congress enacted the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) in October 1970 following increasing reports of people bringing bags full of illegally – obtained cash into banks for deposit. The BSA is simply a reporting and record-keeping statute.Although willful violations of its terms are a crime, it does not criminalize money laundering as such. BSA requires banks –retain financial details, -report cash transactions over $ 10,000/-. 1974 –although the BSA is accepted now, its constitutionality was originally challenged in the courts by elements of the banking community and some civil libertarians. BSA was challenged on a number of grounds. In California Bankers Assn . v. Shultz, 416 U. S. 21 (1974) Supreme Court rejected claims that various parts of the BSA violated constitutional rights. 986 – Growth, seriousness of the problem of Money Laundering, and of widespread non-compliance with the BSA, led to the enactment of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986. Thus in 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity. Thus made money laundering a crime in its own right, and strengthened the BSA in several respects, most importantly by prohibiting â€Å"structuring†. 1990 – The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) created by the US Treasury on April 25, initially to focus on the detection of financial rimes by providing analytical support to law enforcement investigations. In 1994, the agency would be given BSA regulatory responsibilities. 1992 – Annunzio-Wylie Money Laundering Act amended the BSA in several respects. Perhaps most important, required any financial institution, and its officers, directors, employees and agents, â€Å"to report any suspicious transaction relevant to a possible v iolation of law or regulation. † The Annunzio –Wylie Act, require all financial institutions to put in place, not only BSA compliance programs, but also anti-money laundering programs. At a minimum, the programs would be required to include: ) the development of internal anti-money laundering policies, procedures and controls; 2) the designation of a compliance officer; 3) an ongoing employee training 4) an independent audit functions to test the program. 2. 4 Why Money Laundering is done? Criminals engage in money laundering for three main reasons: First, money represents the lifeblood of the organization that engages in criminal conduct for financial gain because it covers operating expenses, replenishes inventories, purchases the services of corrupt officials to escape detection and further the interests of the illegal enterprise, and pays for an extravagant lifestyle.To spend money in these ways, criminals must make the money they derived illegally appear legitimate . Second, a trail of money from an offense to criminals can become incriminating evidence. Criminals must obscure or hide the source of their wealth or alternatively disguise ownership or control to ensure that illicit proceeds are not used to prosecute them. Third, the proceeds from crime often become the target of investigation and seizure. To shield ill- gotten gains from suspicion and protect them from seizure, criminals must conceal their existence or, alternatively, make them ook legitimate. 2. 5 Why we must combat Money Laundering Money laundering has potentially devastating economic, security, and social consequences. Money laundering is a process vital to making crime worthwhile. It provides the fuel for drug dealers, smugglers, terrorists, illegal arms dealers, corrupt public officials, and others to operate and expand their criminal enterprises. This drives up the cost of government due to the need for increased law enforcement and health care expenditures (for example, f or treatment of drug addicts) to combat the serious consequences that result.Crime has become increasingly international in scope, and the financial aspects of crime have become more complex due to rapid advances in technology and the globalization of the financial services industry. Money laundering diminishes government tax revenue and therefore indirectly harms honest taxpayers. It also makes government tax collection more difficult. This loss of revenue generally means higher tax rates than would normally be the case if the untaxed proceeds of crime were legitimate. We also pay more taxes for public works expenditures inflated by corruption.And those of us who pay taxes pay more because of those who evade taxes. So we all experience higher costs of living than we would if financial crime—including money laundering—were prevented. Money laundering distorts asset and commodity prices and leads to misallocation of resources. For financial institutions it can lead to a n unstable liability base and to unsound asset structures thereby creating risks of monetary instability and even systemic crises. The loss of credibility and investor confidence that such crises can bring has the potential of destabilizing financial systems, particularly in smaller economies.One of the most serious microeconomic effects of money laundering is felt in the private sector. Money launderers often use front companies, which co-mingle the proceeds of illicit activity with legitimate funds, to hide the ill-gotten gains. These front companies have access to substantial illicit funds, allowing them to subsidize front company products and services at levels well below market rates. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, for legitimate business to compete against front companies with subsidized funding, a situation that can result in the crowding out of private sector business by criminal organizations.No one knows exactly how much â€Å"dirty† money flows through the world's financial system every year, but the amounts involved are undoubtedly huge. The International Money Fund has estimated that the magnitude of money laundering is between 2 and 5 percent of world gross domestic product, or at least USD 800 billion to USD1. 5 trillion. In some countries, these illicit proceeds dwarf government budgets, resulting in a loss of control of economic policy by governments. Indeed, in some cases, the sheer magnitude of the accumulated asset base of laundered proceeds can be used to corner markets — or even small economies.Among its other negative socioeconomic effects, money laundering transfers economic power from the market, government, and citizens to criminals. Furthermore, the sheer magnitude of the economic power that accrues to criminals from money laundering has a corrupting effect on all elements of society. The social and political costs of laundered money are also serious as laundered money may be used to corrupt national instit utions. Bribing of officials and governments undermines the moral fabric in society, and, by weakening collective ethical standards, corrupts our democratic institutions.When money laundering goes unchecked, it encourages the underlying criminal activity from which such money is generated. Nations cannot afford to have their reputations and financial institutions tarnished by an association with money laundering, especially in today's global economy. Money laundering erodes confidence in financial institutions and the underlying criminal activity — fraud, counterfeiting, narcotics trafficking, and corruption — weaken the reputation and standing of any financial institution. Actions by banks to prevent money laundering are not only a regulatory requirement, but also an act of self- interest.A bank tainted by money laundering accusations from regulators, law enforcement agencies, or the press risk likely prosecution, the loss of their good market reputation, and damaging the reputation of the country. It is very difficult and requires significant resources to rectify a problem that could be prevented with proper anti-money-laundering controls. It is generally recognized that effective efforts to combat money laundering cannot be carried out without the co-operation of financial institutions, their supervisory authorities and the law enforcement agencies.Accordingly, in order to address the concerns and obligations of these three parties, these Guidance Notes were drawn up. 2. 6 Techniques in Money Laundering There are diversified method of money laundering which ranges from the purchase and resale of a luxury item (e. g. a house, car, or jewelry) to passing money through a complex web of legitimate businesses and ‘shall’ companies (i. e. those companies that primarily exist only as named legal entities without any trading business activities). Basically 3 stages, which may comprise numerous transactions by the launderers-Placement†”the physical disposal of the initial proceeds (derived from illegal activity). 1. Breaking up of large amounts of cash into smaller amounts. 2. Depositing the cash in bank and subsequently transferring the same amount from one bank to another, preferably, in abroad. 3. Exchanging into a foreign currency and subsequently conversion into local currency. 4. Cash purchase of single premium insurance policy or other investment. 5. Cash purchase of costly items like jewelry, diamond, car, aircraft, and boats etc as an alternatives to cash. 6.Injecting the cash in business like hotels, restaurants, bars, casinos, bookmakers, travel agency, taxi firm etc. which handle considerable cash in day-to-day operation. Layering—creation of complex layers of financial transactions for disguising the audit trail and provide secrecy. 1. Purchase & sale of securities and commodities via brokers. 2. Conversion into monetary instruments like BCD, TC, BONDs. 3. Electronic funds transfer-very freq uently. 4. Making deposit in outstation bank branches or overseas banking system. 5. Sale & purchase of material assets between some fictitious persons/associates.Integration – the laundered proceeds are set back into the economy in such a way that they re-enter the financial system appearing as normal business funds/legal money. Identification of illicit source becomes next to impossible. 1. Falsification (over/under invoicing) of invoicing/export. 2. Deployment of fund in ‘shell’ company and recoup the as legitimate profit. 3. Taking aid of corrupt bank employees and obtaining bank loan by depositing illicit money as security. 4. False loan repayment. 5. Taking aid of E-cash, which enables to move vast amount of money instantly with just a few keystrokes. . 7 Moving Money Abroad Legitimate purposes-are for moving money abroad: (1) to invest, (2) to speculate, (3) to lend, (4) to meet trading/personal obligations and (5) to safeguard assets against theft or seiz ure by repressive regimes. But a criminal moves money abroad for- (1) Dealing in arms & ammunition, (2) Drug trafficking, (3) Financing terrorist activities, (4) Evasion of exchange regulations/control, (5) Evasion of taxation, (6) Disguise or remove proceeds of threat/fraud/bribe, (7) Making blackmail payments and (8) Paying ransom for kidnappers.The banking system remains one of the most important avenues for money launderers. The use of bearer certificate of deposit, bank drafts, wire transfers to transmit funds internationally and establishment of loan back scheme are commonly used as banking instruments around the world. New methods are constantly being used to avoid detection. These may include simple measures as â€Å"Smurfing† or Structuring that is making numerous small deposits which would fall below a suspicious cash transaction report, using relatives, third party or false names on accounts or more sophisticated measures such as use of shell companies.A recent stu dy by FATF found increasing use of non-bank financial institutions (Money Changers, remittance business etc. ) to provide services attractive to launderers since these institutions are subject to fewer regulatory requirements than banks. Because of increasing profit from the drug trafficking and other criminal enterprises, money launderers are adopting new techniques, employing specialized expertise who can provide sophisticated methods of laundering and various other financial services.Techniques used include false invoicing (over- invoicing, under- invoicing), commingling of legal and illegal money, the use of bank loan arrangements (whereby the launderer transfers proceeds to another country and use them as security for a bank loan, which is sent back to original country) and layers of transactions through off-shore shell companies. In addition, a significant amount of illegal proceeds has been invested in real estate. However, because of the introduction of anti-money laundering counter measures in different countries, money launderers constantly seek new ways to circumvent regulation.Methods that work tend to be replicated in different locations or may be used with some modifications. 2. 7. 1 Underground Banking (Alternative Remittance System) There has also of under ground or alternative banking system commonly known as ‘Hawala’ or Hundi in the sub-continent. This system works without a paper trail. A ‘Hawala’ bankers issue neither a written receipt for the sum received nor an order for payment. What he does, make a firm verbal commitment to the seller of dollars to make an equivalent taka payment at the agreed rate of exchange, through his agent in the particular country.Then he sends a coded message to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time, date and address for the payment. Why people resort to underground banking a. Socio-economic & political reasons b. Higher returns c. Anonymity d. No available bankin g channel e . Avoidance of local taxes f. Illiteracy/Semi-literacy Advantages of Hundi/Hawala: a. No paper trail b. No bureaucracy c. Cost effective d. No body is the loser and e. No holiday-very fast delivery [pic] Figure 1. Basic sequence of communication and payment in an alternative remittanceThe Chinese have a similar system known as ‘fie chien’ or flying money. This system, sometimes known as ‘Chit’ system involved depositing money in one country in exchange for chit or a chop (i. e. a seal) and remittance of this money in another country on presentation of the chit. It is fast and convenient, does not involve the transportation of bank cash, leaves little trail for investigators, has virtue of anonymity and the costs are fairly low. The main negative consequence of money laundering can have on the financial system.A large-scale money laundering operation may put at the risk of smaller nation’s financial system through loss of credibility and i nvestor’s confidence. The victims of the bank’s malpractice were the depositors and the government in developing countries. 2. 7. 2 Electronic Money Laundering Criminals are always looking for â€Å"a new type of detergent which allows for cleaner laundry† (Bortner, 1996). They have been quick to exploit each new method of financial transfer. In the 1980s and 1990s wire transfers became a popular method for moving money in both the legal and illegal sectors.By 2000 we may see the same situation with e-money. The abuse of e-money by money launderers may become a significant problem in the future because e-money systems will be attractive to money launderers for two reasons: 1. Transactions may become untraceable; and 2. Transactions are incredibly mobile. Untraceability |E-money systems may provide Organized Crime with untraceable, | |mobile wealth. | The use of e-money systems will mean fewer face-to-face financial transactions.The anonymity of e-money will make â€Å"knowing your customer† much more difficult. E-money systems also allow the parties to the transaction to deal with each other directly, without the assistance of a regulated financial institution. Thus, there may not be a traditional audit trail. Mobility Hypothetically, e-money could come from anywhere in the world, and be sent anywhere in the world. Thus, e-money systems may offer instantaneous transfer of funds over a network that, in effect, is not subject to any jurisdictional restrictions.The problem may be illustrated by separating the process of money laundering into three basic steps – placement, layering and integration – and then comparing traditional money laundering systems with cyber-systems. The first step in money laundering is the physical disposal of cash. Traditionally, placement might be accomplished by depositing the cash in domestic banks or other kinds of financial institutions. Or the cash might be smuggled across borders for depos it in foreign accounts, or used to buy high-value goods, such as artwork, airplanes, or precious metals and gems, that can then be resold with payment by cheque or bank transfer.With e-money laundering, cash may be deposited into an unregulated financial institution. Placement may be easily achieved using a smart card or personal computer to buy foreign currency, goods, etc. Powerful encryption may be used to guarantee the anonymity of e-money transactions. The second step, layering, involves working through complex layers of financial transactions to distance the illicit proceeds from their source and disguise the audit trail. This phase traditionally involves such transactions as the wire transfer of deposited cash, the conversion of deposited cash into monetary instruments (e. . , bonds, stocks, travelers' cheques), the resale of high-value goods and monetary instruments, and investment in real estate and legitimate businesses, particularly in the leisure and tourism industries. Shell companies, typically registered in offshore havens, are a popular device in the traditional layering phase. These companies, whose directors are often local attorneys acting as nominees, protect the identity of the real owners. These owners also benefit from restrictive bank secrecy laws and attorney-client privilege In an electronic-money system, layering can be done through a personal computer.There is usually no audit trail. In addition, e-money systems allow for instantaneous transfer of funds over a system that, in effect, has no borders. The last step is to make the wealth derived from crime appear legitimate. Traditionally, integration might involve any number of techniques, including using front companies to â€Å"lend† the money back to the owner or using funds on deposit in foreign financial institutions as security for domestic loans. Another common technique is over-invoicing, or producing false invoices for goods sold – or supposedly sold – ac ross borders.In e-money laundering the criminal may be able to achieve integration by using a personal computer to pay for investments or to buy an asset, without having to call on the services of an intermediary financial institution. In short, the temptation of electronic forms of money for the criminal may be the potential for untraceable, mobile wealth. 2. 8 Vulnerability of the Financial System to Money Laundering Money laundering is often thought to be associated solely with banks and moneychangers. All financial institutions, both banks and non-banks, are susceptible to money laundering activities.Whilst the traditional banking processes of deposit taking, money transfer systems and lending do offer a vital laundering mechanism, particularly in the initial conversion from cash, it should be recognized that products and services offered by other types of financial and non-financial sector businesses are also attractive to the launderer. The sophisticated launderer often involv es many other unwitting accomplices such as currency exchange houses, stock brokerage houses ,gold dealers, real estate dealers, insurance companies, trading companies and others selling high value commodities and luxury goods.Certain points of vulnerability have been identified in the laundering process, which the money launderer finds difficult to avoid, and where his activities are therefore more susceptible to being recognized. These are:  ¦ entry of cash into the financial system;  ¦ cross-border flows of cash; and  ¦ Transfers within and from the financial system. Financial institutions should consider the money laundering risks posed by the products and services they offer, particularly where there is no face-to-face contact with the customer, and devise their procedures with due regard to that risk.Although it may not appear obvious that the products might be used for money laundering purposes, vigilance is necessary throughout the financial system to ensure that weakn esses cannot be exploited. Banks and other Financial Institutions conducting relevant financial business in liquid products are clearly most vulnerable to use by money launderers, particularly where they are of high value. The liquidity of some products may attract money launderers since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy.All banks and non-banking financial institutions, as providers of a wide range of money transmission and lending services, are vulnerable to being used in the layering and integration stages of money laundering as well as the placement stage. Electronic funds transfer systems increase the vulnerability by enabling the cash deposits to be switched rapidly between accounts in different names and different jurisdictions. However, in addition, banks and non-banking financial institutions, as providers of a wide range of services, are vulne rable to being used in the layering and integration stages.Other loan accounts may be used as part of this process to create complex layers of transactions. Some banks and non-banking financial institutions may additionally be susceptible to the attention of the more sophisticated criminal organizations and their â€Å"professional money launderers†. Such organizations, possibly under the disguise of front companies and nominees, may create large scale but false international trading activities in order to move their illicit monies from one country to another.They may create the illusion of international trade using false/inflated invoices to generate apparently legitimate international wire transfers, and may use falsified/bogus letters of credit to confuse the trail further. Many of the front companies may even approach their bankers for credit to fund the business activity. Banks and non-banking financial institutions offering international trade services should be on thei r guard for laundering by these means.Investment and merchant banking businesses are less likely than banks and moneychangers to be at risk during the initial placement stage. Investment and merchant banking businesses are more likely to find them being used at the layering and integration stages of money laundering. The liquidity of many investment products particularly attracts sophisticated money laundering since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy.Although it may not appear obvious that insurance and retail investment products might be used for money laundering purposes, vigilance is necessary throughout the financial system to ensure that non traditional banking products and services are not exploited. Intermediaries and product providers who deal direct with the public may be used at the initial placement stage of money laundering, particularly if they receive cash. Premiums on insurance policies may be paid in cash, with the policy subsequently being cancelled in order to obtain a return of premium (e. . by cheque), or an insured event may occur resulting in a claim being paid out. Retail investment products are, however, more likely to be used at the layering and integration stages. The liquidity of a mutual funds may attract money launderers since it allows them quickly and easily to move their money from one product to another, mixing lawful and illicit proceeds and integrating them into the legitimate economy. Lump sum investments in liquid products are clearly most vulnerable to use by money launderers, particularly where they are of high value.Payment in cash should merit further investigation, particularly where it cannot be supported by evidence of a cash-based business as the source of funds Insurance and investment product providers and intermediaries should therefore keep transaction records that are comprehensive enough to establish an audit trail. Such records can also provide useful information on the people and organizations involved in laundering schemes. Corporate vehicles trust structures and nominees are firm favorites with money launderers as a method of layering their proceeds. Providers of these services can find themselves much in demand from criminals.The facility with which currency exchanges can be effected through a bureau is of particular attraction especially when such changes are effected in favor of a cheque or gold bullion. 2. 9 Money Laundering-Bangladesh Scenario Bangladesh is neither a drug producing nor a major consumer country for drugs. However, our country’s proximity to Golden Triangle in the East and Golden crescent in the West rendered her vulnerable to drug trafficking and drug related problems. In Bangladesh, no drug cartel, drug syndicate or organized groups of drug dealers have been intercepted till to day.At present, phensedyl, heroin and cannabis r ank first, second and third in order of prevalence in the country. The influence of the drug money is not yet felt to pose a major concern for us. However, Money laundering is no less then significant in our economy. Both black money and dirty money are being laundered in various ways as under: 1. Conversion of local currency into foreign currency from black market. Smuggle it out of the country and deposit it to any foreign bank; 2. The use of hundi to send money overseas; 3. The use of bearer instruments (drafts, cheques, stock certificate etc) 4.Operating business enterprises, which hardly makes profits, but shows large profits and pays taxes to cover and legalize their dirty money; 5. The use of third party or false name accounts at financial institutions; 6. The purchase of items of value (such as luxury goods, gold, vehicles real estate); 7. Create investment companies in which fictitious persons deposit money invest in shares, stock and bonds; 8. Financing the political group s by other country; 9. Excess greediness; 10. No proper way to determine the amount of income on assets; 11.Dishonesty of customs, defense and government employee; 12. Problems of illegal immigrant; 13. Lack of co-operation from the Bangladesh embassy with Bangladeshi people living in the foreign country; 14. Lack of co-operation from the foreign branches of banks and foreign exchange organization with Bangladeshi people living in the foreign country; 15. Bureaucratic complexity & extra payment; 16. Lack of providing temporary debt privilege; 17. Smuggling; 18. Under invoicing; 19. Transfer pricing & over invoicing; 20. Illegal transaction of capital; 21. Terrorist financing; 22.Lack of potential political figure; 23. Demonstration. 1. Money Laundering Effects on Society 1. Laundered money may be used to corrupt national institutions. Bribing of officials and governments undermines the moral fabric in society, and by weakening collective ethical standards, corrupts our democratic in stitutions. 2. Money laundering erodes confidence in financial institutions and the underlying criminal activity—fraud, counterfeiting, narcotics, trafficking, and corruption—weaken the reputation and standing of any financial institution. 3. Governments need to increase health care expenditures e. . treatment of drug addicts, treatment of victims of violence, etc. 2. 9. 2 Economic Effects of Money Laundering Because crime, underground activity, and money laundering take place on a large scale, macroeconomic policymakers must take them into account. But, because these activities are hard to measure, they distort economic data and complicate governments’ efforts to manage economic policy. In addition, the ability to identify statistically the country and currency of issuance and the residency of deposit holders key in understanding monetary behavior.To the extent that money demand appears to shift from one country to another because of money laundering-resulting in misleading monetary data—it will have adverse consequences for interest and exchange rate volatility, particularly in dollarized economies, as the tracking of monetary aggregates becomes more uncertain. The income distribution effects of money laundering must also be considered. To the extent that the underlying criminal activity redirects income from high savers to low savers or from sound investments to risky, low-quality investments, economic growth will suffer.For example, there is evidence that funds from tax evasion in the United States tend to be channeled into riskier but higher-yielding investments in the small business sector, and also that tax evasion is particularly prevalent in this sector. Fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading seem likely also to be more prevalent in rapidly growing and profitable businesses and markets, because â€Å"that’s where the money is. † Money laundering also has indirect macroeconomic effects. Illegal transactions c an discourage legal ones by contamination.For example, some transactions involving foreign participants, although perfectly legal, are reported to have become less desirable because of an association with money laundering. More generally, confidence in markets and in the efficiency-signaling role of profits is eroded by widespread insider trading, fraud, and embezzlement. And, money that is laundered for reasons other than tax evasion also tends to evade taxes, compounding economic distortions. Moreover, contempt for the law is contaminating—breaking one law makes it easier to break others.Accumulated balances of laundered assets are likely to be larger than annual flows, increasing the potential for destabilizing, economically inefficient movements, either across borders or domestically. These balances could be used to corner markets—or even small economies. The above effects are to some extent speculative; however, the Quick study (1996) also conducted empirical test s on the relationship between GDP growth and money laundering in 18 industrial countries for the first time.It found evidence that significant reductions in annual GDP growth rates were associated with increases in the laundering of criminal proceeds in the period 1983-90. 2. 9. 3 How money is laundered in regional basis in Bangladesh. It has found by the research team from both the different secondary & primary sources that, there are regional trends of money laundering in our country. Such as- In Sylhet region there are a lot of people lived in foreign countries. So there are great chances of illegal money transfer in this region i. e. hundi or hawala.This system works without a paper trail. A hawala banker issues neither a written receipt for the sum received nor an order for payment. What he does, make a firm verbal commitment to the seller of dollars to make an equivalent taka payment at the agreed rate of exchange, through his agent in Sylhet region. Then, he sends a coded mes sage, to his agent containing the designated recipients name and time date and address for the payment. As well as chance of gold smuggling in this region from foreign lived people and their local relatives.In Chittagong region there are a lot of cases of drug smugglings and arm smugglings occurring in front of the eye of different law enforcing agencies. In Khulna region there are many incidents of forest materials & other goods of laundering. In Comilla region a lot of suger, sharies, and fensdils are smuggled every year in our country. In the Rajshahi region the occurrence of cattle smuggling are very common, and it has a network to supply cattle all over the country especially in the season of Eid . How money is laundered Smurfing involves the use of multiple cash deposits, each smaller than the minimum cash-reporting requirement. †¢ Misinvoicing of exports and falsification of import letters of credit and customs declarations can conceal cross-border transfers of, say, the proceeds of drug trafficking. †¢ Barter: stolen property (e. g. , antiques or automobiles) can be exchanged, across national borders or domestically, for illegal substances. †¢ Parallel credit transactions can be used to avoid the formal economy, except for the final use made of the net proceeds of illegal activity to purchase legally marketed goods or services. Interbank wire transfers may not be subject to reporting on money laundering; bribery of bank officials can thus make it easier to conceal large illegal transfers between accounts. †¢ Derivatives that replicate insider trading opportunities (e. g. , a synthetic version of a company stock subject to merger or takeover) can be used to avoid detection of an unusual change in a listed stock price. 2. 11 International Anti-Money Laundering Initiatives Money laundering has become a global problem as a result of the confluence of several remarkable changes in world markets (i. . , the globalization of markets). The growth in international trade, the expansion of the global financial system, the lowering of barriers to international travel, and the surge in the internationalization of organized crime have combined to provide the source, opportunity, and means for converting illegal proceeds into what appears to be legitimate funds. In 1986, the U. S. became the first country in the world to criminalize the â€Å"laundering† of the proceeds of criminal activity with the enactment of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986.Since enacting the law, the U. S. Congress has increased its coverage, reach and scope, making it the broadest, strongest and most far-reaching money laundering law in the world. The U. S. law is a weapon of enormous breadth and power wielded by U. S. prosecutors in that country. Those convicted under the law face a maximum prison term of 20 years and a fine of $500,000 per violation. A legal entity such as a bank or business that is convicted under the law faces fines and forfeitures.In addition, a bank that is convicted of money laundering can lose its charter and federal deposit insurance. Persons and entities also face civil money penalties. Concerted efforts by governments to fight money laundering have been going on for the past fifteen years. The main international agreements addressing money laundering are the 1988 United Nations Vienna Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the Vienna Convention) and the 1990 Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime.And the role of financial institutions in preventing and detecting money laundering has been the subject of pronouncements by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision, the European Union, and the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The Vienna Convention, adopted in December 1988, laid the groundwork for efforts tocombat money laundering by creating an obligation for signa tory states (including Bangladesh) to criminalize the laundering of money from drug trafficking.It promotes international cooperation in investigations and makes extradition between signatory states applicable to money laundering. It also establishes the principle that domestic bank secrecy provisions should not interfere with international criminal investigations. During the past twenty years there have been a number of resolutions passed by the ICPOInterpol General Assembly, which have called on member countries to concentrate their investigative resources in identifying, tracing and seizing the assets of criminal enterprises.These resolutions have also called on member countries to increase the exchange of information in this field and encourage governments to adopt laws and regulations that would allow access, by police, to financial records of criminal organizations and the confiscation of proceeds gained by criminal activity. In December 1988, the G-10's Basle Committee on Ban king Supervision issued a â€Å"statement of principles† with which the international banks of member states are expected to comply.These principles cover identifying customers, avoiding suspicious transactions, and cooperating with law enforcement agencies. In issuing these principles, the committee noted the risk to public confidence in banks, and thus to their stability, that can arise if they inadvertently become associated with money laundering. Over the past few years, the Basle Committee has moved more aggressively to promote sound supervisory standards worldwide.In close collaboration with many non-G-10 supervisory authorities, the Committee in 1997 developed a set of â€Å"Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision†. Many important guidelines issued by Basle Committee for worldwide implementation for all banks among which, â€Å"Prevention of the Criminal Use of the Banking System for the Purpose of Money Laundering†, December 1988 â€Å"Custome r Due Diligence for Banks†, October 2001â€Å"Sound Practices for the Management and Supervision of Operational Risk â€Å", February 2003; Shell banks and booking offices â€Å", January 2003; relate to money laundering controls.In 1989, the G-7 countries recognized that money laundering had become a global problem, not least due to the increase in drug trafficking. The G-7 Summit in Paris in 1989 took a great step forward in combating international money laundering with the creation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to develop a coordinated international response to mounting concern over money laundering. One of the first tasks of the FATF was to develop steps national governments should take to implement effective anti-money laundering programs.The experts within FATF came up with a list of 40 Recommendations, built on the firm foundations of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and the Statement of Principl es of the Basle Committee on Banking Regulations. The FATF 40 Recommendations set out the basic framework on what countries need to do — in terms of laws, regulations and enforcement — to combat money laundering effectively and were designed with universal application in mind.Over time, they have been revised to reflect new developments in money laundering and experience. The 40 Recommendations have now become the global blueprint in anti- money laundering best practice and set the international standards for money laundering controls. Setting those standards meant that all participating governments committed to moving in the same direction at the same pace, a requirement for success. Through FATF's peer-review process, the participants have pushed each other into implementing the standards.Even the IMF regards the anti-money laundering actions advocated by the FATF as crucial for the smooth functioning of financial markets. In joining FATF, every member nation makes a political commitment to adopt the recommendations and allows itself to be evaluated by the other member nations on whether it has fulfilled that commitment. Today FATF has grown to an organization of thirty-one member countries and has representatives from the Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Commission.Participants include representatives from members' financial regulatory authorities, law enforcement agencies, and ministries of finance, justice, and external affairs. Representatives of international and regional organizations concerned with combating money laundering also attend FATF meetings as observers. This top-down, cooperative approach has been greatly successful in encouraging FATF member nations to improve their money laundering regimes. With expanded membership, FATF has now achieved agreement on money laundering standards and implementation among 31 governments.More than that, FATF has encouraged development of regional groups to adhere to the same standards. B y the last count, about 130 jurisdictions — representing about 85 percent of world population and about 90 to 95 percent of global economic output — have made political commitments to implementing â€Å"The Forty Recommendations. † Another, more controversial initiative that FATF has developed to enhance international cooperation is publication of a list of non-cooperative countries and territories (NCCT) — jurisdictions that lack a commitment to fight money laundering.Following the June 2000 publication of the first such list, a number of the 15 NCCT jurisdictions have acted quickly to implement FATF standards. . Other UN initiatives, such as the 2000 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, have assisted in complementing the work undertaken by the FATF. However, it was the FATF’s exercise on Non-Cooperating Countries and Territories which brought about a sea change in thinking at the highest political levels.The exercise, which identi fies and evaluates the legal, judicial and regulatory framework of countries whose regulatory systems do not appear to meet international standards, has been a success, despite its unpopularity in many quarters. 1. 8. 16. After 11 September 2001, the tragedy in New York highlighted to all civilized nations the need to look at the finances of terrorists and the methods used to transfer funds around the11 world. The FATF expanded its mission beyond money laundering and agreed to focus its expertise on the worldwide effort to combat terrorist financing.The FATF, at its Washington meeting in October 2001, came up with 8 Special Recommendations to tackle this threat. Terrorists use similar systems to money launderers and the 8 Special Recommendations complement the 40 existing Recommendations. The United Kingdom was one of the first countries in the world to have signed and ratified the UN International Convention on the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorists through the Terrorism Ac t 2000. In fact the UK was unique in meeting the requirements of all 8 FATF Special Recommendations immediately.Several regional or international bodies such as the APG (Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering), CFATF (Caribbean Financial Action Task Force), the ESAAMLG (Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group), GAFISUD (Financial Action Task Force for South America), the MONEYVAL Committee of the Council of Europe (the Select Committee of experts on the evaluation of anti-money laundering measures) and the OGBS (Offshore Group of Banking Supervisors), either exclusively or as part of their work, perform similar tasks for their members as the FATF does for its own membership.Bangladesh is a member of APG. This co-operation forms a critical part of the FATF’s strategy to ensure that all countries in the world implement effective counter-measures against money laundering. Thus the APG, the CFATF, GAFISUD, the MONEYVAL Committee and OGBS carry out mutual evaluatio ns for their members, which assess the progress they have made in implementing the necessary anti-money laundering measures. In the same vein, APG, CFATF and the MONEYVAL also review regional money laundering trends.During the past decade, a number of countries have created specialized government agencies as part of their systems for dealing with the problem of money laundering. These entities are commonly referred to as â€Å"Financial Intelligence Units† or â€Å"FIUs†. These units increasingly serve as the focal point for national anti- money laundering programs because they provide the possibility of rapidly exchanging information (between financial institutions and law enforcement / prosecutorial authorities, as well as between jurisdictions), while protecting the interests of the innocent individuals contained in their data.Since 1995, another forum for international cooperation has developed among a number of national financial intelligence units (FIUs), who beg an working together in an informal organization known as the Egmont Group (named for the location of the first meeting in the Egmont-Arenberg Palace in Brussels). The goal of the group is to provide a forum for FIUs to improve support to their respective national anti-money laundering programs.This support includes expanding and systematizing the exchange of financial intelligence, improving expertise and capabilities of the personnel of such organizations, and fostering better communication among FIUs through the application of new technologies. The Egmont Secretariat, currently hosted by the UK, is the ideal vehicle for FIUs from various countries to talk to one another once they reach the required standard. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the U. S. inancial intelligence unit led by the Department of the Treasury, provides training and technical assistance to a broad spectrum of foreign government officials, financial regulators, law enforcement personnel, 12 and ba nkers. This training covers a variety of topics, including money laundering typologies, the creation and operation of FIUs, the establishment of comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes, computer systems architecture and operations, and country-specific antimoney- laundering regimes and regulations.FinCEN also works closely with the informal Egmont Group of more than 50 FIUs to assist various jurisdictions in establishing and operating their own FIUs. Additionally, FinCEN has provided FIU and money laundering briefings and training in many jurisdictions, including Argentina, Armenia, Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Italy, Liechtenstein, Nauru, Nigeria, Netherlands, Palau, Paraguay, Russia, Seychelles, South Africa, Switzerland, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, and the United Kingdom. FinCEN ha s also conducted personnel exchanges with the Korean and Belgian FIUs. The U. S. Department of State's Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) develops assistance programs to combat global money laundering. INL participates in and supports international anti-money- laundering bodies and provides policy recommendations regarding international money laundering activities.The U. S. State Department has developed a programmatic approach to assist jurisdictions in developing anti-money-laundering regimes to protect their economies and governments from abuse by financial criminals and stem the growth of international money laundering. This approach integrates training, technical assistance, and money laundering assessments on specific money laundering problems or deficiencies to achieve concrete, operational, institution-bui